PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES

Process Command • top command The top program provides a dynamic real-time view of a running system. # top • dig is useful for network troubleshooting and for educational purposes. # dig pts/1 • ps command to find out what processes are running on your system. # ps -ef # ps -e Where: -e to display all the processes. -f to display full format listing. • Kill : We mostly use the kill command for terminating or killing a process. #Listing all the signal names. # kill -l • The mount command mounts a storage device or filesystem, making it accessible and attaching it to an # bg Run any command like top then bg %1 — Move the 1st active job to background. • fg = continues a stopped job by running it in the foreground fg – Typing fg alone will resume the first job were it was left off. fg %1 – specifying the job (in this case 1) will resume that particular job. The job id can be determined by running bg Then kill %1 and see jobs command : Vi

File Command Of Shell Script 1. Dd The dd command stands for “data duplicator” and used for copying and converting data according to the operands specified. It is very powerful low level utility of Linux which can do much more like; • Backup and restore the entire hard disk or partition. Backup of MBR (Master Boot Record) • It can copy and convert magnetic tape format, convert between ASCII and EBCDIC formats, swap bytes and can also convert lower case to upper case. • It can also be used by Linux kernel make files to make boot images. 2. DU The Linux “du” (Disk Usage) is a standard Unix/Linux command, used to check the information of disk usage of files and directories on a machine. The du command has many parameter options that can be used to get the results in many formats. The du command also displays the files and directory sizes in a recursively manner du estimates and displays the disk space used by files. -a, --all write counts for all files, not justdirect